"Background: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) misdiagnosis (i.e. the incorrect diagnosis of patients who truly have NMOSD) remains an issue in clinical practice. We determined the frequency and factors associated with NMOSD misdiagnosis in patients evaluated in a cohort from Latin America.

Conclusions: NMOSD misdiagnosis is relatively frequent in Latin America (12%). Misapplication and misinterpretation of clinical and neuroradiological findings are relevant factors associated with misdiagnosis."

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